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Sabtu, 04 Agustus 2007
Jumat, 03 Agustus 2007
A Brief History of Jazz
One of the major questions that will go forever unanswered is "How did jazz start?" The first jazz recording was in 1917 but the music existed in at least primitive forms for 20 years before that. Influenced by classical music, marches, spirituals, work songs, ragtime, blues and the popular music of the period, jazz was already a distinctive form of music by the time it was first documented. The chances are that the earliest jazz was played by unschooled musicians in New Orleans marching bands. Music was a major part of life in New Orleans from at least the 1890's with brass bands hired to play at parades, funerals, parties and dances. It stands to reason that the musicians (who often did not read music) did not simply play the melodies continuously but came up with variations to keep the performances interesting. Since cornetist Buddy Bolden (the first famous musician to be considered a jazz player) formed his band in 1895, one can use that year as a symbolic birthdate for jazz.
During the next two decades the undocumented music progressed but probably at a slow pace. Bolden (whose worsening mental illness led to him being committed in 1906) was succeeded by Freddie Keppard as the top New Orleans cornetist and Keppard was eventually surpassed by King Oliver. Although some New Orleans musicians traveled up North, jazz remained strictly a regional music until the World War I. years. On Jan. 30, 1917 a white group immodestly called "The Original Dixieland Jazz Band" recorded "Darktown Strutters' Ball" and "Indiana" for Columbia. The often-riotous music was considered too radical to be released at the time so on Feb. 26 the ODJB went to Victor and recorded "Livery Stable Blues" and"'The original Dixieland One Step." The latter performances were immediately released,, "Livery Stable Blues" (which featured the horns imitating animals!) became a best-seller and jazz was discovered, sort of. Within a short period of time other groups were recorded playing in a similar all-ensemble style (the ODJB had virtually no solos).
Jazz became a fad for a few years (as promoters rushed to make money off of the new music) and the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in 1919 was a sensation in London. HoweveIr it would be a few years before black jazz musicians were recorded, leading some observers a the time to the false conclusion that whites (and the ODJB in particular) had invented the music! A backlash later on led to others feeling that only blacks could play jazz and that all of the white players were poor imitations. Obviously both beliefs have been proven false many times since then. In 1920 Mamie Smith recorded the first blues, "Crazy Blues," and the jazz fad was soon supplanted by a blues craze. However jazz continued to progress and the New Orleans Rhythm Kings (one of the first groups to feature short solos) in 1922 sounded a decade ahead of the ODJB. 1923 was a key year for jazz because during that year King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band (which had among its sidemen cornetist Louis Armstrong and clarinetist Johnny Dodds), blues singer Bessie Smith and pianist-composer Jelly Roll Morton all made their recording debuts. While King Oliver's band would be considered the definitive ensemble-oriented New Orleans group, Louis Armstrong would soon permanently change jazz. In the early 1920's Chicago was the center of jazz. When Louis Armstrong joined Fletcher Henderson's big band in New York in 1924, he found that the Big Apple's musicians (although technically superior) often played with a staccato feeling and without much blues feeling. Armstrong, through his explosive, dramatic and swinging solos with Henderson, was extremely influential in changing the way that jazz musicians phrased and in opening up possibilities for improvisers.
In fact it could be argued that Louis Armstrong was chiefly responsible (although it probably would have happened eventually) for jazz's emphasis shifting from collective improvisation to individual solos, setting the stage for the swing era. The 1920's became known as "The Jazz Age" (although as much for its liberal social attitudes as for its music). Jazz began to greatly influence dance bands and even the most commercial outfits started having short solos and a syncopated rhythm section. Louis Armstrong's remarkable series of Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings inspired other musicians to stretch themselves while his popularization of scat singing and a relaxed vocal phrasing influenced Bing Crosby (who in turn influenced everyone else!). Such players as cornetist Bix Beiderbecke (who had a cooler sound than Armstrong), pianist Jelly Roll Morton (both in solos and with his Red Hot Peppers), pianist James P. Johnson (the king of stride pianists), arranger-composer Duke Ellington and the up-and-coming tenor Coleman Hawkins became important forces in the jazz world. By the latter half of the decade, larger jazz-based orchestras had become popular and the collective improvisation to be found in dixieland was going out of style and restricted to smaller groups.
When the depression hit, it pushed dixieland almost completely underground for a decade. The general public did not want to be reminded of the carefree days of the 1920's and instead for a few years preferred ballads and dance music. However when Benny Goodman suddenly became popular in 1935, the newer generation showed that they were interested in doing what they could to overlook the Depression by having a good time and dancing to hard-swinging orchestras. The 1935-46 period was accurately known as the big band era for the large orchestras dominated the pop music charts. During this decade jazz was a large part of popular music, not just as an influence as it had been earlier. Glenn Miller and Artie Shaw had million sellers and Benny Goodman, Count Basie and Duke Ellington were household names and celebrities. During those years jazz developed in several ways. New soloists (such as pianists Art Tatum and Teddy Wilson, tenorsaxophonist Lester Young and trumpeters Roy Eldridge and Bunny Berigan) came up with alternative styles, big band arranging became more sophisticated, dixieland was revived and rediscovered ( Lu Watters' Yerba Buena Jazz Band was a major force) and jazz was celebrated for the first time as an important part of America.
However this golden age of popularity would not last. Due to jazz's continual evolution, it was perhaps inevitable that it would eventually advance far ahead of what the general public preferred in its popular music. In the early 1940's many of the younger musicians sought to move beyond swing music (which was bogging down in cliched arrangements and novelties) and develop their own conception of playing. Altoist Charlie Parker and trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie were the main founders of the new music called bebop or bop but they were not alone and were soon joined by dozens of other musicians. Themes were often quickly discarded as the soloists indulged in more advanced chordal improvisations (leading some critics to ask "Wherels the melody?"), harmonies and rhythms became much more complicated and, most seriously of all, the music was performed less and less for dancers. A recording strike during 1942-44, a prohibitive entertainment tax (which closed many dance halls) and the growing popularity of pop singers doomed the big bands, and the elimination of dance floors at many clubs made jazz into a music strictly for listening By being uplifted to the level of an art music, jazz was isolated from the pop music world and saw its audience shrink drastically as other simpler styles rushed in to fill the gap. However its commercial decline did not slow down jazz's artistic growth. Bop, once considered a radical music (the recording strike stopped many listeners from hearing its gradual growth), became a large part of the jazz mainstream by the 1950's.
Cool jazz (or West Coast jazz), which put a greater emphasis on softer tones and arrangements and was at its height in popularity in the mid-50's, and hard bop (which brought out more soulful elements of jazz that were sometimes discarded in bop) were outgrowths of bebop and had their fans. But it was with the rise of the avant-garde (sometimes called free jazz) that improvised music moved a giant step forward, leaving even more listeners behind! When Ornette Coleman and his quartet were featured at the Five Spot in New York in 1959, many listeners who were just beginning to accept the music of Thelonious Monk were bewildered. Ornette and his sidemen quickly stated a theme in unison and then improvised very freely without using chords at all! During the same period John Coltrane, who had taken bop to its extreme with the endless number of chords he used in "Giant Steps," began to jam passionately over simple repetitive vamps. Pianist Cecil Taylor's percussive atonality owed as much to contemporary classical music as to earlier jazz stylists and Eric Dolphy's wide interval jumps were completely unpredictable. Avant-garde jazz had arrived! By the mid-1960's free jazz was filled with high-energy improvisers who explored sounds as much as notes.
Within a few years with the rise of the Art Ensemble of Chicago and Anthony Braxton, space was utilized much more liberally in the music and by the 1970's many avant-garde artists were spending much of their time integrating improvisations with complex compositions. The music was no long er continuously free form but musicians had complete freedom in their solos to create whatever sounds they felt fit. Although this music has been overshadowed by other styles since the 1970's, it is still a viable option for creative improvisers and its innovations continue to indirectly influence the modern mainstream of jazz. The 1970's are best remembered as the fusion era, when many jazz musicians integrated aspects of rock, r&b and pop into their music. Until the late 60's, the jazz and rock worlds had stayed pretty much separate but, with the rise of electric keyboards, a great deal of experimentation took place. Miles Davis, who was an innovator in bop, cool jazz, hard bop and his own brand of the avant-garde, became a pacesetter in fusion when he recorded In A Silent Way and Bitches Brew. Groups began to be formed that combined together the improvising and musicianship of jazz with the power and rhythms of rock; most notable were Return To Forever, Weather Report and the Mahavishnu orchestra.
By 1975 this movement began to run out of gas artistically but due to its moneymaking potential it has continued up to the present time, often in watered-down form as crossover or instrumental pop and given the inaccurate name of "contemporary jazz." The history of jazz from 1920-75 was a constant rush forward with new styles considered out of date within five or ten years. In the 1980's it suddenly became acceptable to honor the past and to look back before, bop for inspiration. While dixieland had remained quite active as an underground music for decades (it was at its height of popularity in the 1950's), few in the jazz modern mainstream acknowledged its existence and importance before the 80's. Wynton Marsalis, who symbolized the decade, began as a trumpeter greatly inspired by the playing of Miles Davis of the mid-60's. He eventually found his own sound by going back in time and exploring the music of the pre-bop masters, and the result was that (even when he played modern new music) Marsalis was able to come up with fresh approaches by borrowing and adapting ideas from the distant past. Many of the young players that have followed Marsalis ignore fusion and even most of the innovations of the avant-garde to use hard bop as the basis for their music.
It was a rather unusual development to have so many musicians in their twenties playing in a style that was at its prime before their birth, but by the 1990's many of these "Young Lions" were finally developing their own sounds and starting to build on the earlier innovations. Nearly all styles of jazz are still active in the 1990's including dixieland, classic jazz, mainstream (essentially small group swing), bop, hard bop, post-bop, the avant-garde and various forms of fusion. Very much an international music (some of the most stimulating sounds of recent times have come from Europe), the evolution of jazz has definitely slowed down during the past 20 years. At this point in time it is not apparent which direction jazz will go in the future (some cynics even think the music has essentially reached the end of its development), but one can bet that as long as recordings exist (along with the need for self-expression), jazz will survive.
By Scott Yanow
Selasa, 24 Juli 2007
Classical Music for Children
Five Ways to Introduce Classical Music to Your Children
1. Read A Story with Classical Music as its Soundtrack
When you read a story to your child, pick out a classical music piece that matches the emotion and actions of the book. Picking out the music should be pretty simple, but just for reference, playing Verdi’s “Dies Irae” to a story about a happy boy playing catch with his dad isn’t a very good idea. Practice reading the story out loud with the classical music to get a rough idea of the timing. After getting used reading in time with the music, tell your child you have a special surprise for them. Read them the story the “new” way, and they will surely be delighted!
Tip: Remember to always play the same piece of classical music for each story; that way it becomes imbedded in your child’s sense memory.
For example, if you read Watty Piper’s The Little Engine That Could to Haydn’s Symphony No. 94, always play Haydn’s Symphony No. 94 when you read the story again. When they grow up, every time they hear that song they will automatically remember the good times they shared with you when you read to them.
2. Interpretive Dancing to Classical Music
If your kids are always on the move, try introducing them to classical music by interpretive dancing. This can be great for getting your child to focus on the music. Instruct your child to listen to the music and dance however the music makes him/her feel. Parents dance with them! Not only is it fun, but it’s physically and emotionally stimulating. This exercise sends the message to the child that classical music can be fun, and not boring to listen to.
Tip: Mix up the music. Try to pick out contrasting pieces of music and see how your children react. Make sure you tell your children what the piece is and who wrote it. You never know what things your children will remember down the road.
3. Classical Music During Playtime
Before your kids begin playtime, make a list of classical music pieces with the names of the composers. Have your children pick a song before playtime. Tell them a little fact about the composer they picked to listen to during playtime. Before long, your children will develop their own classical music preference and have a basic knowledge of the composers.
Tip: Make sure to get a broad range of music to listen to - several pieces from each period should suffice. (Unsure of what the periods are? Read Intro to Classical Music for the answers!)
4. Classical Music and Art
Similar to interpretive dancing, pick out several contrasting classical music pieces to listen to while you and your children paint, draw or color. Make sure your children understand to listen to the music and create their picture to however the music makes them feel. Once everyone is finished, listen to the music again and explain your creations. Don’t forget to let your children know the name of the piece and the composer.
Tip: This can be as messy as you want it to be; with most kids, the messier the better. Let your children know it’s okay to “give in” to the music and react to it. Classical music doesn’t just happen on the surface, it happens deep within your soul (if you let it).
5. Listening Games
When I was studying Music History in college, my teacher would give us listening quizzes.
He would give us a list of several pieces of music to listen to and study one class period prior to the quiz. During the quiz he would pick a song at any random point in the piece, and we would have to be able to tell him who the composer was, the title of the piece and the tempo marking. If you play this listening game with your children it doesn’t have to be as complex. Pick out three pieces of music to play during the week and tell your children the name of the song and its composer every time you play it. At the end of the week have a game to see who can remember the name of the piece and the composer when you play it.
Tip: This not only promotes music appreciation, but also memory. Games are always a fun way to introduce learning concepts.
By Aaron Green
1. Read A Story with Classical Music as its Soundtrack
When you read a story to your child, pick out a classical music piece that matches the emotion and actions of the book. Picking out the music should be pretty simple, but just for reference, playing Verdi’s “Dies Irae” to a story about a happy boy playing catch with his dad isn’t a very good idea. Practice reading the story out loud with the classical music to get a rough idea of the timing. After getting used reading in time with the music, tell your child you have a special surprise for them. Read them the story the “new” way, and they will surely be delighted!
Tip: Remember to always play the same piece of classical music for each story; that way it becomes imbedded in your child’s sense memory.
For example, if you read Watty Piper’s The Little Engine That Could to Haydn’s Symphony No. 94, always play Haydn’s Symphony No. 94 when you read the story again. When they grow up, every time they hear that song they will automatically remember the good times they shared with you when you read to them.
2. Interpretive Dancing to Classical Music
If your kids are always on the move, try introducing them to classical music by interpretive dancing. This can be great for getting your child to focus on the music. Instruct your child to listen to the music and dance however the music makes him/her feel. Parents dance with them! Not only is it fun, but it’s physically and emotionally stimulating. This exercise sends the message to the child that classical music can be fun, and not boring to listen to.
Tip: Mix up the music. Try to pick out contrasting pieces of music and see how your children react. Make sure you tell your children what the piece is and who wrote it. You never know what things your children will remember down the road.
3. Classical Music During Playtime
Before your kids begin playtime, make a list of classical music pieces with the names of the composers. Have your children pick a song before playtime. Tell them a little fact about the composer they picked to listen to during playtime. Before long, your children will develop their own classical music preference and have a basic knowledge of the composers.
Tip: Make sure to get a broad range of music to listen to - several pieces from each period should suffice. (Unsure of what the periods are? Read Intro to Classical Music for the answers!)
4. Classical Music and Art
Similar to interpretive dancing, pick out several contrasting classical music pieces to listen to while you and your children paint, draw or color. Make sure your children understand to listen to the music and create their picture to however the music makes them feel. Once everyone is finished, listen to the music again and explain your creations. Don’t forget to let your children know the name of the piece and the composer.
Tip: This can be as messy as you want it to be; with most kids, the messier the better. Let your children know it’s okay to “give in” to the music and react to it. Classical music doesn’t just happen on the surface, it happens deep within your soul (if you let it).
5. Listening Games
When I was studying Music History in college, my teacher would give us listening quizzes.
He would give us a list of several pieces of music to listen to and study one class period prior to the quiz. During the quiz he would pick a song at any random point in the piece, and we would have to be able to tell him who the composer was, the title of the piece and the tempo marking. If you play this listening game with your children it doesn’t have to be as complex. Pick out three pieces of music to play during the week and tell your children the name of the song and its composer every time you play it. At the end of the week have a game to see who can remember the name of the piece and the composer when you play it.
Tip: This not only promotes music appreciation, but also memory. Games are always a fun way to introduce learning concepts.
By Aaron Green
How To Instill the Love of Music in your Child - Music and Kids
Here's How:
1.Sing to your child. Yes, even though you think you can't carry a tune, your child will still think you have a lovely voice. When I became pregnant I read an article about the significance of music to children, there are findings that even a fetus responds to music while still in the mother's womb. So when I was just two months pregnant with my daughter, I would sing to her everyday. I continued to do this even when my daughter was born.
2.Dance with your child. Okay, I know some of you might say you can't dance but neither can I. Honestly, it doesn't matter, your child will enjoy and even be fascinated to see you dance. Put on your favorite music cd and dance with your kid, this way you're introducing her to the joys of music.
3.Teach them action songs. Kids love these types of songs, my daughter and I have loads of fun doing this. There are lots of action songs, some examples are "London Bridge is Falling Down", "Ring Around the Rosy" and my absolute favorite, "Skidamarink". There are cd's and tapes of action songs that come with lyrics and instruction booklets for you to buy. Or you can be creative and make your own actions. Action songs are a great way to teach kids about the rhythm of music.
4.Share with them your favorite songs. Both my parents loved to sing and I remember hearing music being played at our home everyday when I was young. As a result, I was exposed to different types of music and various artists at a young age. I recall when I was around 7 years old I sang "The Great Pretender" in class to the surprise of my teacher. Exposing your child to your favorite songs will help her understand that there are varying types of music for her to appreciate
5. Rent, buy or borrow books, videos and tapes that revolve around the subject of music. Soon after, I decided to start buying cd's for her and played it as often as I could. I chose cd's that featured great musicians like Mozart and Beethoven as well as famous children's songs. I also borrowed dvd's from a rental store, musical movies like " The Muppet Show "and " The Sound of Music ". There are also good children's tv shows which help introduce your child to music. This is a wonderful way of teaching her the significance of music in our world.
6.Join parent-child classes available in your area that introduces the concepts of music in a fun way. There are some great programs out there, one of which is called Kindermusik where they incorporate music into the curriculum and has take-home materials to ensure parent involvement.
7.If appropriate, take her to local concerts. I took my daughter to a major concert when she was around 4 years old and was amused at her wide eyed look while she watched the artists on stage. Be sure though that if you do take your child to a concert, you'll sit far away from the speakers as the noise will be too much for a child to handle. Concerts are a great way to introduce your child to musical instruments.
8.If your child is interested in learning how to play an instrument, do encourage her by enrolling her in music lessons. Make sure you pick a teacher that your child will like and one who specifically is trained to teach children to play a certain instrument
By Espie Estrella
1.Sing to your child. Yes, even though you think you can't carry a tune, your child will still think you have a lovely voice. When I became pregnant I read an article about the significance of music to children, there are findings that even a fetus responds to music while still in the mother's womb. So when I was just two months pregnant with my daughter, I would sing to her everyday. I continued to do this even when my daughter was born.
2.Dance with your child. Okay, I know some of you might say you can't dance but neither can I. Honestly, it doesn't matter, your child will enjoy and even be fascinated to see you dance. Put on your favorite music cd and dance with your kid, this way you're introducing her to the joys of music.
3.Teach them action songs. Kids love these types of songs, my daughter and I have loads of fun doing this. There are lots of action songs, some examples are "London Bridge is Falling Down", "Ring Around the Rosy" and my absolute favorite, "Skidamarink". There are cd's and tapes of action songs that come with lyrics and instruction booklets for you to buy. Or you can be creative and make your own actions. Action songs are a great way to teach kids about the rhythm of music.
4.Share with them your favorite songs. Both my parents loved to sing and I remember hearing music being played at our home everyday when I was young. As a result, I was exposed to different types of music and various artists at a young age. I recall when I was around 7 years old I sang "The Great Pretender" in class to the surprise of my teacher. Exposing your child to your favorite songs will help her understand that there are varying types of music for her to appreciate
5. Rent, buy or borrow books, videos and tapes that revolve around the subject of music. Soon after, I decided to start buying cd's for her and played it as often as I could. I chose cd's that featured great musicians like Mozart and Beethoven as well as famous children's songs. I also borrowed dvd's from a rental store, musical movies like " The Muppet Show "and " The Sound of Music ". There are also good children's tv shows which help introduce your child to music. This is a wonderful way of teaching her the significance of music in our world.
6.Join parent-child classes available in your area that introduces the concepts of music in a fun way. There are some great programs out there, one of which is called Kindermusik where they incorporate music into the curriculum and has take-home materials to ensure parent involvement.
7.If appropriate, take her to local concerts. I took my daughter to a major concert when she was around 4 years old and was amused at her wide eyed look while she watched the artists on stage. Be sure though that if you do take your child to a concert, you'll sit far away from the speakers as the noise will be too much for a child to handle. Concerts are a great way to introduce your child to musical instruments.
8.If your child is interested in learning how to play an instrument, do encourage her by enrolling her in music lessons. Make sure you pick a teacher that your child will like and one who specifically is trained to teach children to play a certain instrument
By Espie Estrella
Music and Learning
Scientific research on the neurological and developmental effects of music has fascinated educators and parents with the possibility of children's learning enhancement. Compared to the long history of research on language, our scientific understanding of music is new. Fortunately for parents, enriching our children's lives with music can be easily and pleasantly accomplished. From soft music in the nursery to musical toys and dance lessons, encouraging music involvement in a fun way strengthens children's educational, physical, and emotional development.
Does Music Make My Child Smarter?
Yes, of course it does. When learning a song, a musical instrument, or a dance step, your child experiences the unique integration of body and mind that music provides. Sensory integration is a crucial factor in children's learning readiness for school subjects such as reading, writing, and math.
Music improves spatial-temporal reasoning, a neurological process needed to understand mathematics. The best way to enhance your child's learning with music is to encourage listening to and learning music throughout the child's developmental years. Do it in a variety of ways that are enjoyable and fun, then let your child's own interest and aptitudes guide your choices of lessons and activities
By Kimberly L.Keith
Does Music Make My Child Smarter?
Yes, of course it does. When learning a song, a musical instrument, or a dance step, your child experiences the unique integration of body and mind that music provides. Sensory integration is a crucial factor in children's learning readiness for school subjects such as reading, writing, and math.
Music improves spatial-temporal reasoning, a neurological process needed to understand mathematics. The best way to enhance your child's learning with music is to encourage listening to and learning music throughout the child's developmental years. Do it in a variety of ways that are enjoyable and fun, then let your child's own interest and aptitudes guide your choices of lessons and activities
By Kimberly L.Keith
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